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GS-441524 is the biologically active component of Remdesivir and has been widely used around the world to safely and effectively cure cats of feline infectious peritonitis (FlP) for over 18 months. FIP is a common and highly fatal disease of cats.

Although mercury’s mystique held the promise of power, many of the ancients also knew it to be toxic. It was in the mining of the element where mercury first became associated with human illness beginning as tremors and progressing to severe mental derangement. The largest natural source of mercury is cinnabar, its only known ore, and the richest deposits are found in Spain and Italy. This reddish mineral containing mercury and sulfur has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Cinnabar dating from 500 BC has been identified at a Mayan site in Guatemala, and prehistoric skulls painted with cinnabar have been found in Italy.The Romans used their mercury mines as penal institutions for criminals, slaves, and other undesirables. The warders were among the first to recognize that there was a high likelihood that the prisoners would become poisoned and spare the keepers the need for formal executions. Mercury is primarily a neurological poison, causing tremors, extreme mood changes, and eventually loss of hearing and restricted vision. Certain forms of mercury poisoning also cause damage to the liver and kidneys. The life span of a worker in those mines was tragically brief.

In the 1980s Chinese researchers found that the soil in the burial mound above the tomb contains mercury concentrations way above those elsewhere in the vicinity. Now some archaeologists working on the site believe that the body of the First Emperor may indeed lie amidst vast puddles of the liquid metal.  Yet it seems unlikely that anyone will gaze on such a sight in the foreseeable future. ‘We have no current plan to open the chambers,’ explains archaeologist Qingbo Duan of Northwest University in Xi’an, who led the mausoleum excavations from 1998 to 2008. ‘We have no mature technologies and effective measures to protect the relics,’ he says. So can we ever know the truth about Qin Shi Huangdi’s rivers of mercury? 

Mercury – named after a Roman god known for speed and agility – is a chemical element that has fascinated humans for thousands of years. Mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid under standard conditions. It flows easily and has very high surface tension, so it forms shiny rounded beads. When compared with most other metal elements, which are usually bits of greyish solids that tarnish quickly, it’s easy to see why mercury was thought to have special properties.

The legendary First Emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huang, began his reign at just 13 years old. Despite his youth, he began seriously preparing for his death by ordering the construction of a magnificent mausoleum measuring 6.3 square kilometres. It took approximately 38 years to complete, with an insane workforce of 700,000 prisoners, slaves, and other social outcasts.He wished to build a microcosm of his entire legacy on earth to take with him into the afterlife. This included 8,000 terracotta soldiers (horses and all), a palace, a pyramid, and a burial mound containing his tomb. This tomb has never been opened for several reasons. First, the air might damage whatever may lie inside. Second, it may contain toxic levels of mercury. 

Mer­cury is a heavy, sil­very and very tox­ic met­al. One of the most well-known fea­tures of mer­cury is that in nor­mal con­di­tions this met­al is liq­uid and only freezes at –38.8°C! In na­ture there are only two el­e­ments that are liq­uid in nor­mal con­di­tions – mer­cury and bromine.In the earth’s crust, mer­cury is a very rare el­e­ment, but rocks in which mer­cury is found usu­al­ly con­tain it in rather high con­cen­tra­tions. This is be­cause mer­cury mix­es poor­ly with el­e­ments that make up most of the earth’s crust, and so “ac­cu­mu­la­tions” of min­er­als con­tain­ing mer­cury are formed. The most abun­dant of them are cinnabar (mer­cury sul­fide HgS) and corderoit (Hg₃S₂­Cl₂).

The mercury market size is projected to increase by USD 695.42 million, at a CAGR of 2.94% between 2023 and 2028. The market report includes a comprehensive outlook on the market offering forecasts for the industry segmented by Application, which comprises electrical and electronics, measuring and controlling devices, dental application and gold processing. Additionally, it categorizes Product into metal, alloys and compounds and covers Region, including North America, APAC, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and South America. The report provides market size, historical data spanning from 2018 to 2022, and future projections, all presented in terms of value in USD million for each of the mentioned segments.The growth of the market is propelled by the increase in the adoption of mercury in button cell batteries, although its progress is hindered by the stringent regulation on the emission and use of mercury. Furthermore, there is a notable upward trend in the increasing efforts to recycle and recover emissions of mercury. 

An online dump of classified Chinese documents from a private security contractor is shining a light on hacking efforts the country's spy agency uses on both foreigners and Chinese citizens. The leaked documents show how Chinese authorities deploy these tools to surveil dissidents overseas, hack other nations, and promote pro-Beijing narratives on social media. A menu of services revealed that $15,000 granted a local government in southwest China access to a traffic police website in Vietnam.Disinformation campaigns and account hacking on X cost $100,000 - and $278,000 got customers personal information from social media accounts like Telegram and Facebook.Meanwhile, Chinese police are investigating the hack of the security contractor, which is linked to the nation's top policing agency and other parts of its government.

Pharmaceutical intermediates serve as a critical link between the discovery of new drug candidates and the commercial production of pharmaceutical products. They allow for the synthesis of complex molecules and provide the necessary chemical transformations to convert raw materials into active drugs.Pharmaceutical intermediates contribute to enhancing drug efficacy, stability, and bioavailability, thereby ensuring the quality and effectiveness of medications. These intermediates also play a vital role in achieving regulatory compliance by meeting the stringent standards set by regulatory authorities.

The Pharmaceutical Intermediates is moderately competitive with the presence of local as well as global companies.  Some of the key players which are contributing to the growth of the market include Aceto Corporation, BASF SE, Chiracon GmbH, Yin-sheng Biotech Co., Ltd., Dishman Group, Green Vision Life Sciences, Midas Pharma GmbH, Sanofi SA, Vertellus Holdings LLC., among others. The major players are adopting several growth strategies such as product launches, acquisitions, and collaborations, which are contributing to the growth of the pharmaceutical intermediates market globally.    

According to Wisdom Research Consulting, pharmaceutical intermediates are single chemical substances with high purity obtained through chemical or biological reactions, similar to the production method of chemical raw materials. Therefore, China's chemical raw materials manufacturers usually produce pharmaceutical intermediates, and their level of development is closely related to the development of chemical raw materials and chemical drug preparations. In the future, the expiration of many patented drugs will lead to the availability of generic drugs. This will create a broad market space and provide good opportunities for development in the pharmaceutical intermediates industry.

Specific factors that are driving the market growth include the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and growing R&D initiatives and activities in the pharmaceutical industry. Given that these pharma intermediates are used in the treatment of cancer detection and a variety of chronic diseases, the rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases is projected to propel market expansion in the area under study. For instance, chronic diseases account for around 41 million annual fatalities, or 71% of all fatalities worldwide, according to the WHO's key facts on non-communicable diseases published in April 2021. The high fatality rate from these diseases increases the demand for early intervention, which in turn propels the market's expansion.

GS-441524 is a nucleoside analogue antiviral drug which was developed by Gilead Sciences. It is the main plasma metabolite of the antiviral prodrug remdesivir, and has a half-life of around 24 hours in human patients. Remdesivir and GS-441524 were both found to be effective in vitro against feline coronavirus strains responsible for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal systemic disease affecting domestic cats. Remdesivir was never tested in cats (though some vets now offer it), but GS-441524 has been found to be effective treatment for FIP.It is widely used despite no official FDA approval due to Gilead's refusal to license this drug for veterinary use. In several countries oral GS-441524 tablets (and injectable remdesivir) became legally available to vets for the treatment of FIP in cats, for example Australia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an infectious disease of cats, predominantly young cats. It occurs when feline enteric coronavirus multiplying in the intestines undergoes a critical mutation which changes its tissue tropism from enterocytes to macrophages. FIP virus then moves round the body in macrophages – the ultimate Trojan horse mechanism. This leads to a disseminated infection and the development of a fibrinoid necrotising vasculitis and serositis due to deposition of immune complexes consisting of cat antibodies and FIP viral antigens. 

After the promising results of adenosine nucleoside monophosphate prodrug GS-5734 usage to prevent some RNA viruses, the efficacy of its parent nucleoside GS-441524 against FIP (feline infectious peritonitis) started to be evaluated. This small molecule interferes directly with replicative processes encoded by the virus.

For optimal results, the medication dosage should remain the same even if the cat's weight decreases. However, if the cat's weight increases during treatment, the dose needs to be adjusted based on the initial weight or the highest weight during the treatment cycle.FIP is a serious disease, but early detection can help improve the chances of a positive outcome.If your cat is showing FIP in cats symptoms, please take them to your nearest veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). This virus is a mutant of feline enteric coronavirus (FeCV) which cannot be easily defeated through a cat's natural immune response. FCoV will infect white blood cells and spread through the cat’s body. The disease is progressive and can be fatal if left unattended. It is estimated that this disease can kill 1.4% of cats around the world.FIP can be divided into two categories, the effusive (wet) form and the non-effusive (dry) form. Common symptoms of FIP include loss of appetite, fever, depression, and weight loss. Cats can evolve from one FIP form into another form from time to time.

Get started immediately with symptomatic treatments. Veterinarians will typically prescribe steroids or antibiotics medication and other supplements for the cat before GS treatment. The difference between antibiotics and steroids is that antibiotics are anti-bacterial to kill or stop the growth of bacteria or infections whereas steroids, on the other hand, are inflammatory and anti-allergic.

The initial field testing of GS-441524 for FIP treatment involved subcutaneous injection. This  route of administration was based on prior pharmacokinetic (PK) studies done on laboratory cats.  Intravenous and subcutaneous routes of injection yielded similar high blood levels that were  sustained at virus inhibitory concentrations for over 24 hours. Oral administration was also found  to provide blood levels, peaking at 2 hours, but reaching only about 40% peak levels of  subcutaneous and intravenous routes (Pedersen NC, unpublished data, 2018). However, dogs  which have a longer intestinal tract evolved for omnivorous diets, can absorb up to 85% of  GS441524 by the oral route [1, 5]. Dogs have often been used as surrogates for humans in oral  absorption studies, so oral absorption in humans is also likely to be higher than in cats.